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Interventions›BPC-157
Peptide · Pharmaceutical

BPC-157

FDA-approved for
Not FDA-approved (research peptide)
Marketed off-label for
Digestive function support; Joint and muscle integrity
The Calibrated signal

Animal & lab only, at consumer-relevant doses.

Ranks highestCell-to-cell signaling
Emerging on 1 of 13 aging drivers
Tap a card to see what it means
Our read
What it is

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide copied from part of a protein in human stomach juice, widely marketed for tissue and joint recovery and as regenerative support. Our Calibrated Signal audit examines how it engages the biology of aging.

How it works

The strongest mechanistic evidence connects BPC-157 to the hallmark of altered intercellular communication, one of the thirteen hallmarks of aging, where cell and rat studies found it raised nitric oxide from the cells lining blood vessels. It is a mechanism with absorption questions still open, since we did not find a measurement of blood levels in people who swallow it or inject it under the skin; the absorption details are below. When that mechanism is engaged at the doses where it has been demonstrated in rat and cell studies, the result is more nitric oxide and more small new blood vessels, directly relevant to the biology of aging. Whether these effects occur at typical doses in people is the central open question this audit returns to below.

What the evidence shows

We scored 3 human studies and 19 preclinical studies across mechanism, evidence quality, source and form, and conflict of interest dimensions to probe for signals relevant to the biology of aging. Most of them, including the human studies, are not credited with a positive result on any aging driver; each study card says which. Evidence weight: thin. Two of the human studies are one clinic's look back at knee injections and a pilot of injections into the bladder wall, neither with a comparison group; the third is a review that found mostly animal studies and one study in people. Despite BPC-157's prominence in longevity marketing, we found only a handful of small human studies of it, leaving the published evidence base thinner than the marketing volume would suggest.

Safety

FDA staff's 2026 review states that injected or nasal BPC-157 may carry a significant risk of an immune reaction against it; details are in the Cautions and safety section.

Our verdict

Combined verdict: Emerging only (Form-dependent). In plain terms, one aging driver reaches our Emerging tier on cell and animal studies alone, and the human studies injected it into a knee or the bladder wall. The data we would still like to see is a placebo-controlled trial of BPC-157 taken by mouth or under the skin that measures blood levels of the peptide and the nitric oxide signal from blood vessels.

Last reviewed October 2026 · v1.1

Evidence across aging biology

DNA maintenanceTelomeresEpigeneticsProtein qualityCell recyclingMetabolismCell energySenescent cellsStem cellsCell signalingInflammationGut microbiomeImmune aging
◯

Tap or hover any aging system on the radar to see its mechanism strength and evidence quality.

Larger shapes mean higher Calibrated ratings. They show the strength of the evidence, not the size of a biological benefit.

Rating for each aging driver

Each rating describes the evidence that BPC-157 engages that part of aging biology. It is not proof that it changes it in people at the doses people take.

Tap any aging driver for how it works, the evidence and the studies matched to it

○Emerging· A genuine early signal, often from animal or limited human data. Worth watching, not yet worth banking on
NONE: no study counts toward a rating yet

None of these seven claims has been tested in people the way BPC-157 is sold. The one placebo-controlled trial, an enema in ulcerative colitis, did not show a clear difference from placebo.

What the research tested for each claim. Tap a claim to see more.

Evidence Pyramid

Click any level to explore the studies. Higher levels carry more weight in scoring.

We reviewed 22 studies (3 in people). 3 of them count toward a rating, including 0 of the 3 human studies. Each study card says what it does for the ratings.

L7🏆
Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews
0
L6🧪
Randomized Controlled Trials
0
L5🧬
Mendelian Randomization
0
22 total studies·4 of 7 levels populated

Not all-inclusive. Check with your prescriber or pharmacist before combining anything new.

Avoid
Tested athletes and military service members (anyone subject to anti-doping rules or the Defense Department's supplement rules): BPC-157 is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2026 Prohibited List as a non-approved substance, banned in and out of competition. The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency confirms this and says an exemption for medical use is unlikely to be approved. The U.S. Department of Defense lists it on its prohibited dietary supplement ingredients list.
Use caution
Product quality and immune reactions (all forms, with injected and nasal products of most concern): BPC-157 is not an approved drug, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in its review for a July 2026 advisory meeting, found it not well characterized: the certificates of analysis it reviewed did not report tests for specific impurities, clumped peptide (aggregates) or bacterial toxins. FDA states that injected or nasal BPC-157 may carry a significant risk of an immune reaction against it, made worse by clumping and impurities; it judged that risk likely low for oral forms but kept the same concern about impurities.
Worth knowing
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: We did not find a study of BPC-157 in pregnant or breastfeeding people. In one rat study reviewed by FDA, injected BPC-157 during pregnancy did not cause birth defects, but FDA notes that studies of the full reproductive cycle and of development after birth have not been done, and that no reproductive studies used the oral, nasal or under-the-skin forms people use.
Source:FDA ↗
Worth knowing
Blood thinners (anticoagulant and antiplatelet medicines, such as warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban, enoxaparin, clopidogrel, and aspirin): In month-long injection studies in rats and dogs reviewed by FDA, BPC-157 changed a blood-clotting time, shortening it in rats and lengthening it in dogs. The Zagreb research group that first described BPC-157 reports that in rodents it lessened bleeding caused by these medicines. We did not find a study of BPC-157 taken with blood thinners in people, so the direction of any effect in people is unknown.
Worth knowing
Cancer (a risk raised in reviews but not tested): Researchers link BPC-157's healing effects in animals partly to new blood-vessel growth, and a 2026 medical review lists abnormal blood-vessel growth and cancer development among potential risks of unapproved injectable peptides, BPC-157 among them. FDA found no studies of cancer risk for BPC-157, while the research group that first described it reports anti-tumor effects in lab and animal studies.
Worth knowing
Liver (blood-test changes in animal studies): FDA's review of month-long injection studies in rats and dogs noted liver-related signals: higher levels of a liver enzyme (ALT), blood sugar and blood fats (triglycerides). FDA states that longer studies to confirm these findings were not available. A two-person pilot study of BPC-157 given into a vein reported no change in liver blood tests over two days.
Worth knowing
Reported reactions after injection: FDA's search of its adverse event reports found three reports, all involving injected BPC-157: redness and swelling at the injection site, shortness of breath that led to an emergency room visit, and darkening of the skin and gums that came back when the product was used again. FDA states it is unclear whether BPC-157 caused these reactions; in two of the reports the product was used with, or contained, a second peptide (thymosin or TB-500).
Worth knowing
Regulatory status (not an approved drug; pharmacies tolerated under a temporary HHS policy): BPC-157 is not an approved drug in the United States. FDA's page of compounding ingredients that may present significant safety risks, current as of April 2026, lists it among substances nominated but withdrawn (it was previously in category 2), with FDA's note that it lacks enough information to know whether the drug would cause harm. In July 2026, against the advice of FDA staff, an FDA advisory committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, to recommend adding it to the list of ingredients pharmacies may compound with; the vote is advice to FDA and does not by itself change its status. On October 28, 2026, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), not the FDA, announced a draft policy: while FDA works out by formal rulemaking which ingredients pharmacies may use, HHS does not intend to take enforcement action against state-licensed pharmacies, federal facilities or licensed physicians compounding BPC-157 or five other peptides. That approves nothing and adds BPC-157 to no list. HHS says it may revisit the policy if a safety signal or product quality problem appears, and that the policy is not binding. The same notice states that compounded drugs are not FDA-approved, "which means FDA does not review their safety, effectiveness, or quality."
Safety Tier: YellowDocumented signal at specific doses or in specific populations

Safety Context

Yellow because regulators have published risk statements and a staff review: the FDA's compounding safety-risk page, current as of April 2026, says BPC-157 may pose a risk of immune reactions and that the agency lacks enough information to know whether it would cause harm, and the FDA staff's 2026 review found clotting-time and liver blood-test changes in month-long animal injection studies and no human safety data for the forms people use. It is not Red because we did not find harm in people that a source attributes to BPC-157, and it is not Green because these regulator findings and the anti-doping prohibition warrant awareness.

BPC-157 is not an approved drug in any country, according to the FDA staff's May 2026 review, and it is sold as capsules, sprays and injections, so formal ingredient-level safety studies are thinner than what approved drugs undergo. Our Calibrated Signal audit surfaces what peer-reviewed safety sources and regulators have documented at the compound level; we do not report brand-level complaints, unverified single cases, or adverse-event disproportionality without a denominator.
The FDA staff's 2026 review found no human pharmacokinetic or safety data for BPC-157 taken by mouth, under the skin, nasally or on the skin; month-long injection studies in rats and dogs showed changes in clotting time and liver blood tests, and the FDA found no studies of cancer risk. The published human studies are small and short, gave the peptide by enema, into a knee, into the bladder wall or into a vein, and reported no serious adverse events, though the FDA notes the authors gave limited safety information. FDA staff weighed against adding BPC-157 to the list of substances pharmacies may compound with; in July 2026 an FDA advisory committee voted 8 to 6, with one abstention, to recommend adding BPC-157 for ulcerative colitis to that list, and the vote is advice to FDA and does not by itself change its status. On October 28, 2026, HHS announced it would not act against licensed pharmacies compounding it while FDA rulemaking continues; that is a temporary enforcement policy, not an approval. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits it in sport at all times.
Documented Signals
Regulatory listing: compounding safety-risk page·U.S. Food and Drug Administration·Listed under bulk drug substances nominated but withdrawn (previously in category 2), with FDA's risk statement; content current as of April 22, 2026
Listing: “This list of bulk drug substances previously in category 2 of the interim policies were withdrawn by the nominators.”
FDA risk statement for BPC-157: “Compounded drugs containing BPC-157 may pose risk for immunogenicity for certain routes of administration and may have complexities with regard to peptide-related impurities and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) characterization. FDA has identified no, or only limited, safety-related information for the proposed routes of administration. Therefore, the agency lacks sufficient information to know whether the drug would cause harm when administered to humans.”
Regulatory review: FDA staff evaluation for the July 2026 advisory committee·U.S. Food and Drug Administration briefing document·Staff review: no human pharmacokinetic data for consumer routes, animal clotting and liver signals, no cancer or route-matched reproductive studies, insufficient clinical safety information, immune-reaction risk for injected or nasal use; recommended against the 503A list (all from one document)
Human pharmacokinetics: “We found no human pharmacokinetic data for BPC-157 after oral, SC, nasal, or transdermal administration.”
Enema studies: “In both studies, authors report that BPC-157 was not detected in plasma samples.”
Animal toxicology: “Findings from repeat-dose toxicity studies suggested that 28-day treatment of rats and dogs with BPC-157 (free base) via the IM ROA appeared to be associated with clinically relevant safety signals, including: (i) aPTT shortening and aPTT prolongation (suggestive of altered clotting properties) in rats and dogs, respectively, and (ii) liver-associated signals (increased serum ALT, glucose, and TG levels).”
Cancer studies: “At the time of this evaluation, the nominator did not submit, and FDA did not identify carcinogenicity studies of BPC-157 (free base) or BPC-157 acetate.”
Reproductive studies: “At the time of this evaluation, the nominator did not submit, and FDA did not identify developmental and reproductive toxicity studies of BPC-157 (free base) or BPC-157 acetate, delivered via the nominated ROAs (oral, rectal, SC, and nasal).”
Human studies: “No serious adverse events appear to have been reported with these studies. However, these studies were of short duration, had small sample sizes, evaluated doses that were likely exploratory in nature, and the authors provided limited information on safety data.”
Clinical safety: “There is insufficient clinical safety information to characterize the safety profile of BPC-157 (free base) and BPC-157 acetate.”
Immune reactions: “As a peptide with 15 amino acids that is administered through a parenteral or nasal ROA, BPC-157 may pose a significant risk for immunogenicity, potentially amplified by aggregation as well as potential peptide-related impurities.”
Staff recommendation: “Accordingly, we propose not adding BPC-157 (free base) or BPC-157 acetate to the 503A Bulks List.”
Advisory committee vote (regulatory-affairs news report)·Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society, Regulatory Focus, 23 July 2026·FDA advisory committee recommendation, 8 to 6 with one abstention, to add BPC-157 for ulcerative colitis; advisory; FDA staff had recommended against
Vote: “An advisory committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) voted 8-6 with one abstention on Thursday to recommend that two peptides – BPC-157 to treat ulcerative colitis and KPV for wound treatment and inflammatory conditions – be added to the list of drugs eligible for bulk compounding, known as the 503A Bulks List.”
FDA staff position: “In a scientific review posted ahead of the meeting, FDA staff recommended against adding these peptides to the 503A Bulks List due to safety and efficacy concerns.”
Regulatory process: what an advisory committee vote means·U.S. Food and Drug Administration, July 23 to 24, 2026 advisory committee meeting page·Advisory committee recommendations are non-binding
“Advisory committees make non-binding recommendations to the FDA, which generally follows the recommendations but is not legally bound to do so.”
Regulatory action: anti-doping prohibition·World Anti-Doping Agency 2026 Prohibited List·Non-approved substances class (S0); prohibited at all times
“Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (e.g. drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use) is prohibited at all times. This class covers many different substances including but not limited to BPC-157”
National anti-doping agency statement·U.S. Anti-Doping Agency·Confirms the non-approved substances listing; states that a safe dose is unknown
Prohibition: “Yes, BPC-157 is prohibited under the S0 Non-Approved Substances category of the List.”
Safety: “Because BPC-157 has not been extensively studied in humans, it is unknown if there is a safe dose, or if there is any way to use this substance safely to treat any specific medical conditions.”
Systematic review: clinical safety data·Peer-reviewed journal·Systematic review of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine; almost all included studies preclinical
Clinical safety data: “No clinical safety data were found.”
Product risk: “Adverse effects are possible due to unregulated manufacturing, contamination, or unknown clinical safety.”
Small human pilot: intravenous route·Peer-reviewed journal·Pilot study in two adults given the peptide into a vein on two days (a route outside this page's catalog)
“The BPC-157 peptide infusion was tolerated, with no side effects reported.”
Population Cautions
  • Tested athletes: BPC-157 is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2026 Prohibited List under its non-approved substances class, prohibited at all times.
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: the FDA did not identify reproductive studies of BPC-157 given by mouth, under the skin, nasally or rectally, and we did not find a study in pregnant or breastfeeding people.
  • People taking blood thinners: in month-long injection studies, BPC-157 shortened a clotting time in rats and lengthened it in dogs; we did not find a study of the combination in people.
  • Injected or nasal use: FDA staff's 2026 review states these routes may carry a significant risk of an immune reaction against the peptide.
Methodology: Sources checked for BPC-157 (v2.0, audit 2026-10-10): • Returned a signal: FDA compounding safety-risk page (current as of April 2026), FDA briefing document for the July 2026 advisory committee, a regulatory-affairs news report of the committee's vote, FDA's advisory committee meeting page, World Anti-Doping Agency 2026 Prohibited List, U.S. Anti-Doping Agency statement, Vasireddi 2025 systematic review, Lee 2025 intravenous pilot. (See citation stickers above.) • Returned null (no compound-level signal, checked May 2026, not re-run in this audit): NIH LiverTox (no entry), NAM / IOM Upper Intake Limits (none; not a nutrient), EFSA Scientific Opinions (none), Health Canada Natural Health Products (no entry), NIH ODS fact sheet (none), Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs (none), NCCIH Herbs at a Glance (none). • Intentionally excluded: individual case reports outside FDA's own review, brand-level FDA warning letters and import alerts, adverse-event counts without a denominator, news articles other than the report of the advisory vote, brand adulteration reports (product quality is covered in the Source & Form Matters section), and Australian scheduling, which this audit could not verify from a primary source.

How It Works (Mechanism of Action)

How BPC-157 acts on your biology, from its direct molecular target through to the aging drivers it affects. Tap any node for the underlying science.

In plain terms

In lab dishes and rats, BPC-157 made the cells lining blood vessels release more nitric oxide, a small signaling molecule that relaxes vessels, and helped new small vessels grow. We did not find a measurement of how much BPC-157 reaches the blood in people who swallow it or inject it under the skin, and the summaries of the cell and rat studies behind this mechanism do not state the concentrations used, so how the studied doses compare with what people take is not known. Separately, single studies in rat tendon cells found more growth hormone receptors and more activity of two proteins that help cells move.

The science

In rats and in cultured human vessel-lining cells, BPC-157 raised the amount of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor; in the cells it also moved more of the receptor inside the cell and activated a signaling chain that ends at endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the enzyme that makes nitric oxide. In a second study, in rat aorta and vessel-lining cells, a chain through the proteins Src and caveolin-1 led to the same enzyme and blocking nitric oxide blocked the vessel relaxation; none of these studies identified what BPC-157 itself binds to, and the FDA staff's 2026 review states that its molecular targets have not been identified and its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood.

BPC-157INTERVENTIONVEGFR2PRIMARY TARGETFAK /PaxillinPRIMARY TARGETeNOS / NOSECONDARYCell Migration(F-actin)SECONDARYAltered IntercellularCommunicationHALLMARK EFFECT
Intervention
Primary Target
Secondary Effect
Hallmark Effect
Low Bioavailability

Bioavailability

How much of the active compound reaches your bloodstream at standard doses.

Estimated Absorption
We did not find a study that measured how much BPC-157 reaches the blood when people swallow it or inject it under the skin, and in enema studies reported by the FDA it was not detected in the blood (one abstract said most levels were below the test's limit). In rats and dogs given it into a vein, its blood level fell by half within minutes.
Key Limitation
BPC-157 is a short chain of amino acids that animals broke down quickly into smaller fragments and single amino acids. A lab test cited by the FDA found that it resisted breakdown in human stomach juice, but we did not find a study that measured how much crosses the gut wall.
Are Enhanced Absorption Options on the Market?
Some capsules are sold as an arginate salt described on the label as chosen for stability and oral delivery, and we did not find a study of that form. Injection skips the gut, but we did not find a measurement of blood levels in people after injection under the skin either.
Is Standard Dose Sufficient?
Many of the animal findings on tendon, muscle and other tissues away from the gut came from injected peptide, and the human studies injected it into a knee or the bladder wall, so how a swallowed capsule or an injection under the skin compares is not known. See the Dosage section below for the doses studied.
Supporting Bioavailability Research

This section describes the forms and doses used in research. It is not a recommendation to take BPC-157.

Source Matters

Source & Form Matters

Two products with the same name on the label can contain materially different molecules. For this compound category, source and form affect what you actually get.

Why this matters
The FDA found BPC-157 not well characterized and notes that several salts and related forms, including different active molecules, are sold under the same common name.
What the studies used
The human studies used compounded peptide injected into a knee joint or the bladder wall, and the FDA notes that most of the animal studies it reviewed do not say whether they used the free peptide or its acetate salt.
What varies between products
  • Salt form: the FDA has encountered several salts and related forms sold under the same name, and some capsules are sold as an arginate salt.
  • Testing: most certificates of analysis the FDA found report purity only.
  • Route: products are sold as capsules, oral and nasal sprays, and injections.
What separates the grades
Most certificates of analysis the FDA found report purity alone, without tests for specific impurities, clumped peptide or bacterial toxins.
This concern rests on analytical chemistry literature; we did not find a study that compared commercial products directly.
Dosing Context

Dosage Details

What doses, forms, and timings showed up in the published research. This is research context — not a recommendation for personal use.

Amount Studied
Clinic and online guides describe 250 to 500 micrograms a day, injected under the skin or swallowed; one capsule label we read lists 500 micrograms per capsule, one capsule twice daily, and products proposed to the FDA included capsules of 250 micrograms to 1 mg and an injection of 2 mg per mL. Most rat healing studies gave 10 picograms to 10 micrograms per kg of body weight by injection into the abdominal cavity, some gave up to 200 micrograms per kg, and month-long safety studies reviewed by the FDA gave rats up to 4 mg per kg into muscle. The human studies in our catalog used 2 to 4 mg injected into the knee joint once or twice, and 10 mg injected into the bladder wall in a single procedure; outside the catalog, enema studies used up to 2 mg per kg a day in healthy volunteers and 80 mg a day in ulcerative colitis, and a two-person pilot gave 10 mg and then 20 mg into a vein.
Form
Sold as capsules (some as an arginate salt, which we did not find tested in any study), as oral and nasal sprays, and as injections. The FDA notes that several salts and related forms are sold under the same common name, and that most of the animal studies it reviewed do not say which form they used. Rat studies mostly used injection into the abdominal cavity, with some by drinking water or stomach tube; the human studies injected compounded peptide into a knee joint or the bladder wall.
Timing
Not established in trials. We did not find a human study that compared schedules or taking it with or without food.
Duration
Not established in trials. The human studies in our catalog gave one or two injections; outside the catalog, the enema studies lasted one to two weeks. Rat studies ran from a few hours to a year.
Notes
For a 70 kg adult (an assumed body weight), one 500 microgram capsule is about 7 micrograms per kg, close to the 10 micrograms per kg that rat healing studies injected into the abdominal cavity once daily; the routes differ, since those rats were injected and the capsule is swallowed. We did not find a measurement of blood levels in people who swallow BPC-157 or inject it under the skin; the FDA found no human pharmacokinetic data after oral, under-the-skin, nasal or skin use, and in the enema studies the peptide was not detected in the blood (one abstract said most levels were below the test's limit). In rats and dogs given it by injection, its half-life in the blood was under 30 minutes. For product quality and regulatory status, see Cautions.
Safety Ceiling
No established ceiling. The FDA's review noted clotting-time and liver blood-test changes in month-long injection studies in rats and dogs and found no studies of cancer risk (see Cautions). The largest amounts we found given to people were up to 2 mg per kg of body weight a day as an enema for a week in healthy volunteers, 80 mg a day as an enema for two weeks, and 20 mg into a vein in a two-person pilot; the FDA reports no serious adverse events in the human studies and notes that they were short and small.
Important
This section describes what was tested in published studies. It is not a recommendation for personal use. Discuss with your clinician before starting or changing any supplement protocol — particularly if your existing dose differs from what is described here.
🔍

Funding and conflicts of interest

In depth

Of the 3 human studies whose funding and conflicts we could check, 1 reports ties to a company that makes or sells this ingredient (33%) and 2 report none.

■ Ties reported 1■ No ties reported 2■ Not checked 0

Results by funding. Studies with company ties that tested an aging driver on this page: 1 positive. Studies reporting no ties: 2 positive.

Who does the research. 174 of the 233 BPC-157 papers in PubMed (October 2026) list the scientist who first described the peptide as an author. All 56 of those papers that carry a conflict-of-interest statement declare no conflicts, and none mentions his BPC-157 patents (see Patents below). The PubMed search ↗

A company tie is a fact to weigh, not proof a result is wrong. Funding never changes the evidence ratings on this page.

Patents

We found 4 granted US patents on forms or uses of this ingredient (4 in force, 0 expired; checked October 2026). A patent is a public record of who owns an invention. It does not show whether a study's results are right.

  • US9850282 ↗ · In force · New stable pentadecapeptide salts, a process for preparation thereof, a use thereof in the manufacture of p...
  • US10350293 ↗ · In force · Compositions and methods for treating symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis
  • US11833189 ↗ · In force (may end sooner) · Sublingual semaglutide-BPC 157 combination for weight loss
  • US12605427 ↗ · In force (may end sooner) · Sublingual semaglutide-BPC 157 combination for weight loss

Are you an author of one of these studies? If we got your funding, conflicts or a patent wrong, email corrections@calibratedsignal.com with the study and we will correct it within a week.

🧬

Epigenetic clock studies

In depth
🔬
No epigenetic clock data yet
We did not find any study that measured epigenetic clocks in people taking BPC-157 (our review as of October 2026).
Why This Matters
Epigenetic clocks read chemical tags on DNA, so they most directly track one driver of aging: changes in how genes are switched on and off. They are among the most promising measures available, but different clocks can disagree, and a change in a clock does not by itself show slower aging or better health. We regularly check for new clock studies on BPC-157.
What We're Looking For
Any trial or long-term study that measured an epigenetic clock in people taking BPC-157. A result in either direction would be informative.