How Much Alcohol Is OK for Longevity? The Honest Answer Is None.

In my mid-30s I was running a company in the supplement and wellness industry, and running a company involves lots of business dinners. There was almost always social drinking, and I opted for red wine, believing at the time that it was the "healthiest" option. In my 20s, a couple of glasses of wine never seemed to cause any setbacks. I would wake up with normal energy and no hangover, as long as I kept it to two glasses, sometimes a max of three. Somewhere in my mid-30s that changed. The morning after, it just took longer to get my energy back. I had less ambition to work out, and I was less likely to pop out of bed and go straight into a workout.

Around that same time, I was an early adopter and started wearing an Oura ring. On the nights I had even a single drink close to bedtime, the next morning's numbers showed it: a higher heart rate overnight and a lower heart rate variability, a beat-to-beat measure that reflects how your nervous system is balancing stress and recovery. This was from one or two drinks, not a night out partying. And the change wasn't trivial: my overnight heart rate was often 20 percent higher, and my average heart rate variability was sometimes 40 to 50 percent lower.

So I went looking for what the research says about small amounts of alcohol. This post isn't about addiction. It's about the glass or two with dinner that most of us don't measure, and as you'll see, "heavy drinking" starts a lot sooner than most people think. So what do one or two drinks do to the biology of aging, which of the hallmarks do they touch, and is there an amount that's actually good for you?

The Bottom Line

The better-controlled studies don't show any amount of alcohol making you healthier. The idea that red wine protects your heart came out of how the early studies were built. When researchers fix the comparison, the benefit shrinks or vanishes, and the genetic studies point toward harm.

At one or two drinks, the clearest human evidence is about what happens that night: a faster heart rate while you sleep and a lower HRV. At low doses, REM sleep, the dreaming stage, is also affected, and you end up getting less of it. Over years, about one drink a day was tied to double the risk of advanced liver disease in people who already have a fatty liver, and to more atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm, in the general population.

My read: if your goal is a longer, healthier life, the right amount is none. By that I mean none is the amount with the lowest cost from alcohol, not that every drink does damage you could measure. If you choose to drink, that's your decision, but count it as a tradeoff, not as part of your health routine.

Vocabulary that matters

• Standard drink. In the US, a 5-ounce glass of 12 percent wine, a 12-ounce beer at 5 percent, or 1.5 ounces of 40 percent spirits. Each holds about 14 grams of pure alcohol (NIAAA), and a generous pour can hold more than one. British studies count "units" of 8 grams, a little over half a US drink.
• Heavy drinking. Not what most people picture. By the NIAAA's definition, it's 15 or more standard drinks a week for men and 8 or more for women, or five or more on any one day for men and four or more for women. In 5-ounce glasses of wine, a man crosses the weekly line at a little over two a night, and a woman at a little over one.
• Acetaldehyde. The first thing your body turns alcohol into. It's toxic and reacts with DNA and proteins.
• Acetate. What acetaldehyde turns into: a simple fuel your body burns first, which puts fat burning on hold until the alcohol is cleared.
• HRV (heart rate variability). The small, constant variation in the time between heartbeats. Overnight, a higher HRV usually reflects more activity from the rest-and-digest side of your nervous system.
• Mendelian randomization. Using genes as a natural experiment. Some people carry gene variants that make them drink less, through no choice of their own, so comparing them with everyone else gets around much of the problem that drinkers and non-drinkers differ in income, diet, exercise and much else.

Where does one drink go?

So what actually happens to a glass of wine after you swallow it? Your body has no way to store alcohol for later, the way it stores carbohydrates and fat, so it makes breaking alcohol down and clearing it the priority. Most of it goes to the liver, which converts it in two steps: first to acetaldehyde, then to acetate, a simple fuel the body can burn. Each step touches one of the hallmarks of aging, the processes I walked through in the last post.

The DNA step

Acetaldehyde sticks to DNA. Chemists call the result a DNA adduct, a chemical tag stuck onto the genetic code. A tag is not a mutation by itself, but it is damage the cell has to find and repair, and genomic instability, the steady buildup of DNA damage, is the first hallmark on the list.

Does that happen at an ordinary dose? A 2012 study tested it in people. Ten healthy volunteers drank vodka on three occasions a week apart, at doses the authors described as roughly one, two and three drinks (by weight, the lowest dose was 16 to 30 grams of alcohol, closer to one to two US drinks). The researchers collected cells from the lining of the mouth with a mouthwash rinse. After the first and lowest dose, the DNA tag peaked at 3.8 times its starting level about three and a half hours later. It climbed higher with each larger dose, and it was back to baseline before the next week's dose.¹ Ten people and a temporary tag is not a cancer study, but it does show that the tissues alcohol touches first take acetaldehyde damage at an ordinary dose.

The population-level cancer data show how this plays out. In January 2025 the US Surgeon General called alcohol "the third leading preventable cause of cancer in the United States, after tobacco and obesity," contributing to "nearly 100,000 cancer cases and about 20,000 cancer deaths each year." The same advisory says about 83 percent of those deaths occur at drinking levels above the US guideline limits, and the other 17 percent within them.² So most of the risk does sit with heavier drinking, but it doesn't start there. And heavy drinking doesn't mean getting drunk every night. Two glasses of wine a day get a man to 14 drinks a week, one short of the definition of heavy drinking (15), and the line is even lower for women, at eight drinks a week. Bear in mind, that's for small glasses of wine: 5 ounces each.

The fuel step

How does a drink end up as liver fat? The liver sends most of the alcohol back out as acetate, and the body burns that acetate first while its own fat waits. In a 1999 study, eight healthy men drank 24 grams of alcohol, a little under two US drinks, and whole-body fat burning fell by 73 percent over the next several hours.³ Breaking down alcohol also loads NAD+, a molecule cells need to burn fat and to keep their mitochondria, the power plants inside each cell, running, with electrons, turning it into NADH. Too much NADH relative to NAD+ tilts the liver cell further away from burning fat. One evening of that is a temporary detour. With heavier drinking night after night (and as you'll see below, that bar is lower than most people think), it's one of the main routes to a fatty liver.

It's also the same NAD+ that a whole category of anti-aging supplements is sold to raise. After fifteen years running companies in the supplement industry, I can tell you plenty of people take an NAD+ booster in the morning and have wine with dinner. Nobody has tested what the wine does to the booster, but the evening drink pushes that same balance in the liver the other way.

What happens the same night

This is where sleep trackers can be informative. Is a ring or a watch measuring something real?

Mostly, yes. In a sleep-lab study published in 2021, 26 healthy adults aged 30 to 60 spent three nights in the lab, drinking a placebo, a low dose (one standard drink for women, two for men) or a high dose (three for women, four for men) in the evening before bed. On the low-dose night, heart rate ran faster for the first four hours of sleep and HRV dropped. The high dose did the same, more strongly and for longer, and the alcohol nights showed more activity from the sympathetic nervous system, the fight-or-flight side.⁴

What about deep sleep? Oura tells me I lose some after a drink, and here the lab data are less clear. A 2025 analysis pooling 27 studies found that a low dose, up to half a gram of alcohol per kilogram of body weight (about two to three US drinks, depending on your size), delayed REM sleep and shortened it on average. It did not report a low-dose change in deep sleep.⁵ The 2021 lab study, which scored sleep stages from brain-wave recordings, found "only small hourly differences" in sleep stages between the alcohol and placebo nights, even though heart rate and HRV had clearly moved.⁴ Rings estimate sleep stages partly from heart rate and HRV, and alcohol affects both, so I trust my ring's heart numbers more than its sleep-stage labels.

The Read If you wear a sleep tracker, the numbers worth watching after a drink are overnight heart rate and HRV, plus how you feel the next day. Treat its REM and deep-sleep labels as estimates, not lab measurements.

The brain deserves its own post. For now I'll say the large brain-imaging studies point the same way. In a UK study of 36,678 adults, smaller brain volumes were already visible at one to two British units a day, less than one US drink. Those studies are observational, so they can't prove the drinking caused it.

Alcohol's effect on your organs

What does heavy drinking have to do with a glass of wine? Everyone knows the heavy-drinking story: a fatty liver, then an inflamed one, then a scarred one, then cirrhosis. Pancreatitis. A weakened heart muscle. Medicine teaches those as separate diseases, each with its own specialist. Look one layer down and they share machinery with the hallmarks of aging, DNA maintenance, mitochondria and inflammation, breaking fast in one organ at a time.

The liver shows it best. Almost all heavy drinkers, 90 to 95 percent, develop a fatty liver. A 2024 review of alcohol-related liver disease lays out the machinery. Alcohol disrupts the way mitochondria burn fat, so fat piles up in liver cells. The gut lining gets leaky and its bacterial mix shifts, so bacterial products travel straight to the liver through the blood and set off its immune cells. Not everyone goes on to permanent damage: of the people whose biopsy shows alcohol-associated steatohepatitis, the inflamed stage, 8 to 20 percent progress to cirrhosis.⁶

Organ	What goes wrong	Hallmarks involved	Where the human evidence starts
Liver	Fat, then inflammation, then scarring	Mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, dysbiosis	Heavy drinking for the cell damage; about a drink a day for outcomes in people with fatty liver
Gut	A leaky lining and a shifted bacterial mix	Dysbiosis, chronic inflammation	Heavy and binge drinking
Heart rhythm	Atrial fibrillation	Not yet mapped to a hallmark	Ordinary daily drinking, general population
Heart muscle and pancreas	Weakening and inflammation	Mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation	Years of heavy drinking

What counts as heavy and binge drinking? Per the NIAAA, heavy drinking is five or more drinks on any day or 15 or more a week for men, and four or more on any day or eight or more a week for women. Binge drinking brings blood alcohol to 0.08 percent or higher, about five drinks for men or four for women in about two hours. These describe drinking patterns. They are not safe limits, and not a diagnosis. Four drinks on a Saturday is also a different exposure from one on each of four nights, because the blood alcohol peak is much higher.

For more on what alcohol does to the liver, from someone who treats it every day, read Hirsh Trivedi's piece on the gut, liver and brain. He's a transplant hepatologist I recommend. His good news: fatty liver from drinking is largely reversible within four to six weeks of stopping, as long as it hasn't progressed to scarring.

Is one glass of wine a night safe?

So what about the glass a night? First, be sure it's really one glass. Five ounces is only 148 milliliters, less than two-thirds of a cup. Most of us hear "a glass" and picture something closer to a full cup, 8 ounces. Restaurants hand you big glasses, at home we fill the glass we have, and almost nobody measures. When researchers had 220 drinkers log every drink for four weeks, the average wine drink held 1.19 standard drinks, and in England, wine glasses have grown about sevenfold over 300 years.

Do the math on an 8-ounce glass. One a night is about 11 standard drinks a week for a woman. Two a night is about 22 for a man. Both are heavy drinking by the official definition, and neither feels like it. Strength matters too: the 5-ounce standard assumes 12 percent wine, and plenty of reds are 14 percent or more. A woman who pours a careful 5 ounces of a 14 percent red every night is already at about 8 standard drinks a week.

For most people reading this who don't abuse alcohol but do drink regularly, this is the part I want you to pay close attention to.

A Finnish team followed people with fatty liver, identified by a score built from blood tests and body measurements rather than a scan, through national population studies. Compared with people who had never drunk, those who drank 10 to 19 grams a day, roughly one US drink, had double the risk of advanced liver disease. The authors' conclusion: "Even low alcohol intake in fatty liver disease is associated with increased risks for advanced liver disease and cancer." In fairness, the same study found lower rates of heart disease among light drinkers who had never smoked, the same pattern I take apart in the wine section below.⁷ If you've been told you have some fat in your liver, this is the study that applies to you.

Here's the limit of this evidence. None of the low-dose studies I've cited measured damaged cells that stop dividing and leak inflammatory signals (senescent cells), or the cell's recycling system (autophagy). At low doses, what we have are outcomes and overnight physiology.

The heart's rhythm

Atrial fibrillation, or AF, is an irregular rhythm in the heart's upper chambers, and it raises the risk of stroke. A 2021 European study pooled 107,845 people from the general population and followed them for a median of about 14 years. One drink a day (they counted a drink as 12 grams) was tied to a 16 percent higher relative risk of developing AF. Risk rose with ordinary daily intake, and the researchers did not find a level of drinking at which it reliably stayed flat. The same paper found lower heart failure risk at low intake, a separate outcome.⁸

Does cutting back actually help? For people who already have AF, a randomized trial says yes. In 2020, researchers in Australia assigned 140 regular drinkers with AF, averaging about 17 drinks a week (their drink was about 12 grams), either to stop drinking or to carry on as usual. The abstinence group went from 16.8 drinks a week to 2.1, and over six months AF came back in 53 percent of them, against 73 percent of those who kept drinking.⁹ That was in regular drinkers who already had AF, but it's the clearest evidence here that removing the exposure changes the outcome.

So where did "wine is good for your heart" come from?

In the early 1990s, researchers trying to explain why the French had relatively low rates of heart disease despite a rich diet pointed to red wine, and "the French paradox" was born. For decades, studies kept finding a J-curve: moderate drinkers had lower death rates than non-drinkers, and heavy drinkers had the highest.

The first flaw was in who counted as a non-drinker. Many had stopped because they were sick, which made not drinking look dangerous. When a 2023 analysis of 107 studies and nearly 4.8 million people corrected for that and for study quality, drinkers of up to about 24 grams a day no longer had a significantly lower risk of death than non-drinkers.¹⁰ The second flaw is that moderate drinkers live differently. Among 371,463 people in the UK Biobank, light and moderate drinkers had healthier lifestyles, and adjusting for that shrank the apparent heart benefit. The same team then used genetics as a natural experiment and found that "alcohol consumption of all amounts was associated with increased cardiovascular risk," small at light intake and rising faster at higher intakes.¹¹

Is there serious evidence on the other side? Yes, and it's aimed squarely at middle-aged readers. The Global Burden of Disease project, a large international modeling effort, published updated estimates in 2022. For people under 40, the lowest-risk amount of alcohol was zero or close to it. For people 40 and older, the curve was J-shaped in every region, with the lowest-risk amount between about 0.1 and 1.9 of their 10-gram drinks a day. In their words, "small amounts of alcohol consumption are associated with improved health outcomes in populations that predominantly face a high burden of cardiovascular diseases, particularly older adults in many world regions."¹²

Here's how I read that. The Global Burden of Disease estimates are a model built on other studies, and its heart benefit rests on the kind of observational data that the corrected analyses and genetic studies above took apart. That's a disagreement about method, and I could be wrong. What would change my mind is a randomized trial in middle-aged adults showing that a daily drink improves hard outcomes, like heart attacks, strokes or deaths. I haven't seen one.

And the resveratrol?

Resveratrol, a compound in grape skins, became the scientific-sounding explanation for the French paradox, and then a supplement category. I watched that wave from inside the supplement industry. I'll save my full take on resveratrol as a supplement for next week's post, but it belongs in this story too.

How much wine would it take to get a dose that's been tested in people? A 2012 trial gave women 75 milligrams of resveratrol a day, at the low end of the doses used in human studies. The authors described that dose as "equivalent to the amount of resveratrol ingested by consuming ~8 L of red wine per day," and found it did "not affect cellular signaling or result in metabolic benefits."¹³ At 13 percent alcohol, eight liters of wine is about 820 grams of alcohol, roughly 60 US drinks in a day by my arithmetic. That's a lethal amount of alcohol, long before the resveratrol could do anything.

What about people who drink red wine with dinner their whole lives? Researchers followed 783 adults aged 65 and older in two villages in the Chianti region of Tuscany for about nine years, measuring resveratrol in 24-hour urine samples rather than relying on what people said they ate and drank. Their conclusion: "Resveratrol levels achieved with a Western diet did not have a substantial influence on health status and mortality risk."¹⁴

The Sardinian Blue Zone story has the same shape. The wine was part of the lives of people who also worked hard on steep ground every day of their lives, and as far as I can find, nobody has ever tested whether the wine itself did anything. Other explanations point toward strong social connections, not the wine.

So what should you do?

• If you do drink, keep it away from bedtime. The overnight heart-rate and HRV changes in the sleep lab came from drinks taken in the evening before bed.⁴ Earlier in the evening is my reasoning, not a tested rule. And measure your pour, so one drink isn't secretly two.
• If you've been told you have a fatty liver, a daily drink is a different decision for you. That's the group where about one drink a day was tied to double the risk of advanced liver disease.⁷
• If you drink every day and stopping feels hard, talk to a clinician first. Withdrawal from regular heavy drinking can be dangerous, and stopping safely sometimes needs medical help.

What I changed

I went to near zero on my own, from reading this research and watching my sleep data. I went to complete zero after my coronary spasm diagnosis, which I wrote about here. Spasm is an artery that clamps down on its own, and it's more common than most people think. In the Scottish study I covered in my post on spasm testing, 89 percent of people with chest pain and open arteries turned out to have spasm, a problem in the heart's smallest vessels, or both, once someone actually tested for it. Alcohol is a recognized spasm trigger, and attacks often come hours later, as the alcohol wears off. Japan's guideline for spasm says drinking is a risk factor, advises no alcohol at all for people with spasm whose face flushes when they drink, and moderation for everyone else with spasm.¹⁵ My Mayo Clinic cardiologists agree, saying the best policy is zero alcohol if you are prone to vasospasm. Add the fight-or-flight activation the sleep lab measured after drinks before bed,⁴ and the AF data, and I didn't want any of it near my evenings.

In his article, Dr. Hirsh Trivedi makes a point that stuck with me: the genes that handle alcohol and liver fat vary from person to person, so in his words, "The threshold is inherited." Most of us don't know our genotype, which is one more reason zero is the simple answer.

I'm not going to tell you a toast at your daughter's wedding will shorten your life. Nobody can show that. What the evidence does show is that the better studies don't find it helping, and that many of the negative effects you can measure show up at one or two drinks.

The Calibrated Claim Audit

Claim	Evidence	My read
A glass of red wine protects your heart	Benefit fades after correcting for sick quitters and lifestyle; genetic studies tie all amounts to higher risk 10,11	Mostly an artifact of who got counted as a non-drinker, and how drinkers live.
One drink doesn't count	Overnight heart rate up and HRV down at one to two drinks 4; REM cut at low doses 5	It counts, the same night.
Only heavy drinking matters	Fatty-liver and AF risks at about one a day 7,8; "heavy" starts at two 8-ounce glasses a night for men, one for women	No. Liver and heart-rhythm risks show up at about a drink a day.
Resveratrol is why wine works	The trial dose equals about 8 liters of wine a day 13; no survival link in Chianti 14	You can't drink your way to that dose.

Commercial distortion risk: moderate. The main incentive ecosystems here are the alcohol industry and the resveratrol supplement market. That doesn't make a claim wrong, but it changes how carefully I read the evidence.

The Final Signal

• What the claim gets right: heavy drinking is where most of the damage, and most of the cancer deaths, are concentrated.
• What it gets wrong: that small amounts are free. Overnight heart rate and HRV change at one or two drinks, and the heart benefit shrinks or vanishes under better methods.
• What I changed: near zero from my own data, then complete zero after my spasm diagnosis.
• What would change my mind: a randomized trial in middle-aged adults showing a daily drink improves heart attacks, strokes or deaths.
• What's next: how a mechanism like resveratrol's turns into a product on a shelf.

Where we head next

Resveratrol is a clean example of something I watched happen over and over in the supplement business: a molecule does something interesting in a dish or a mouse, and the story ends up on a label long before anyone tests it in people. Next week I'll walk through that ladder, from a cell in a dish to a human outcome, and how to tell which rung a claim is standing on before you buy it.

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References

1. Balbo S, Meng L, Bliss RL, Jensen JA, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Kinetics of DNA adduct formation in the oral cavity after drinking alcohol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(4):601-608. PMID: 22301829 [Finding: Ten healthy volunteers drank three weekly doses of alcohol, which the authors called roughly one, two and three drinks (the lowest was 16 to 30 grams). An acetaldehyde DNA tag in mouth cells rose after every dose, peaking at 3.8 times baseline after the first, and returned to baseline between doses.]
2. Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. Alcohol and Cancer Risk: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2025. Link [Finding: Calls alcohol the third leading preventable cause of cancer in the US, contributing to nearly 100,000 cases and about 20,000 deaths a year. About 83 percent of those deaths occur above the US guideline limits.]
3. Siler SQ, Neese RA, Hellerstein MK. De novo lipogenesis, lipid kinetics, and whole-body lipid balances in humans after acute alcohol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(5):928-936. PMID: 10539756 [Finding: In eight healthy men given 24 grams of alcohol, most of it became acetate in the blood, and whole-body fat burning fell by 73 percent. A single-dose study.]
4. de Zambotti M, Forouzanfar M, Javitz H, et al. Impact of evening alcohol consumption on nocturnal autonomic and cardiovascular function in adult men and women: a dose-response laboratory investigation. Sleep. 2021;44(1):zsaa135. PMID: 32663278 [Finding: In 26 healthy adults studied over three lab nights, alcohol before bed raised overnight heart rate, lowered HRV and increased fight-or-flight activity, more so at the higher dose. Sleep stages changed only slightly.]
5. Gardiner C, Weakley J, Burke LM, et al. The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2025;80:102030. PMID: 39631226 [Finding: Pooling 27 studies, alcohol delayed and shortened REM sleep, and the REM disruption appeared even at the low dose, up to 0.5 grams per kilogram of body weight.]
6. Mackowiak B, Fu Y, Maccioni L, Gao B. Alcohol-associated liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(3):e176345. PMID: 38299591 [Finding: A review: 90 to 95 percent of heavy drinkers develop fatty liver, driven in part by disrupted fat burning in mitochondria and by gut-derived inflammation. A review, not a new study.]
7. Åberg F, Puukka P, Salomaa V, et al. Risks of light and moderate alcohol use in fatty liver disease: follow-up of population cohorts. Hepatology. 2020;71(3):835-848. PMID: 31323122 [Finding: In Finnish adults with fatty liver identified by a blood-test score, 10 to 19 grams of alcohol a day doubled the risk of advanced liver disease. Light drinkers who had never smoked had lower heart disease rates.]
8. Csengeri D, Sprünker NA, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Alcohol consumption, cardiac biomarkers, and risk of atrial fibrillation and adverse outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(12):1170-1177. PMID: 33438022 [Finding: In 107,845 European adults followed about 14 years, one 12-gram drink a day was tied to a 16 percent higher risk of atrial fibrillation. Observational.]
9. Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, De Silva A, et al. Alcohol abstinence in drinkers with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(1):20-28. PMID: 31893513 [Finding: In a randomized trial of 140 regular drinkers with atrial fibrillation in Australia, the group assigned to abstain cut intake from 16.8 to 2.1 drinks a week, and AF recurred in 53 percent of them over six months, against 73 percent of those who kept drinking.]
10. Zhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, Churchill S, Clay J, Sherk A. Association between daily alcohol intake and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e236185. PMID: 37000449 [Finding: Across 107 cohort studies, after correcting for former-drinker bias and study quality, low-volume drinkers had no significantly lower risk of death than non-drinkers.]
11. Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, et al. Association of habitual alcohol intake with risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(3):e223849. PMID: 35333364 [Finding: Light and moderate drinkers had healthier lifestyles, which explained much of their apparent heart benefit. Genetic analysis tied all amounts of alcohol to higher cardiovascular risk, small at light intake.]
12. GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020. Lancet. 2022;400(10347):185-235. PMID: 35843246 [Finding: A global model: the lowest-risk amount was zero or near zero under age 40, and between about 0.1 and 1.9 ten-gram drinks a day for people 40 and older.]
13. Yoshino J, Conte C, Fontana L, et al. Resveratrol supplementation does not improve metabolic function in nonobese women with normal glucose tolerance. Cell Metab. 2012;16(5):658-664. PMID: 23102619 [Finding: In a placebo-controlled trial of 29 women, 75 milligrams of resveratrol a day for 12 weeks, which the authors equate to about 8 liters of red wine, produced no metabolic benefit.]
14. Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Bartali B, et al. Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1077-1084. PMID: 24819981 [Finding: In 783 adults aged 65 and older in the Chianti region of Italy, urinary resveratrol levels were not linked to survival or health over about nine years.]
15. Hokimoto S, Kaikita K, Yasuda S, et al. JCS/CVIT/JCC 2023 guideline focused update on diagnosis and treatment of vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Circ J. 2023;87(6):879-936. PMID: 36908169 [Finding: Japan's national guideline calls drinking a risk factor for coronary spasm, with attacks often during the sobering-up period. It advises abstinence for people who flush when they drink and moderation for other spasm patients.]